Hearing with your tongue

Unlike hearing aids, which amplify sound, cochlear implants circumvent damaged areas of the ear and stimulate the auditory nerve directly.

Microphones outside the ear detect sounds and send t[2]hem to a speech processor, which analyzes the information and transmits it to a receiver where it is converted into electric impulses.   The implant sends those impulses directly to the auditory nerve. With training, the brain learns to recognize these impulses as useful sound information.

The CSU device operates very similarly except electric impulses are sent via Bluetooth to a retainer-like mouthpiece packed with electrodes.  When users press their tongue against the device, they feel a distinct pattern of electric impulses as a tingling or vibrating sensation.

The idea is that, with training, the brain will learn to interpret specific patterns as words, thus allowing someone to “hear” with their tongue.

The concept is not as far fetched as it first sounds.

Phoneticists can identify specific words from the series of black lines on a sonogram. And people who lose their sight can learn to “read” words again with Braille.

The notion that the human brain is “set” by adulthood and therefore, unable to change how it receives and interprets information is inaccurate, said Leslie Stone-Roy, assistant professor in the College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences[3].

“We have a remarkable amount of plasticity in our brain even as adults,” she said. “We now know that is able to make changes and adapt to changes in incoming information, especially stimuli that are of importance to the individual.”

Mapping the tongue

Williams and JJ Moritz, a CSU graduate student, have spent the past year building and testing prototypes of the technology. Their initial results are promising enough that they have filed a provisional patent for the technology and launched Sapien LLC, a start-up company, to help advance the technology.

But there is still much work to be done to refine and improve the hearing-with-the-tongue technology. The electrode-dense mouthpiece is a good example.

As engineers, Williams and Moritz understand how to pack electrodes into a small space, but not necessarily where they should be positioned on the mouthpiece so the tongue can pick up the strongest patterns.

That’s why they asked Stone-Roy, a neuroscientist who studies taste receptors on the tongue, to join the project.

She is helping Moritz and Williams determine which parts of the tongue detect electrical impulses and if those areas are consistent from person to person. They have launched a new study in which participants place an array of electrodes in their mouth and report where they feel electrical impulses and how strong they are.

“Basically, we are mapping the nerves on the tongue,” Stone-Roy said. “There isn’t a lot of information out there about the nerves on the tongue and their ability to sense electrical impulses.”

The results are important.  If nerve patterns are consistent, the mouthpiece can be standardized with electrodes placed in key receptor areas that everyone has.

If not, it will likely have to be customized to each wearer, or to specific sub-populations of users, which will affect the cost of the technology.

Why a new device?

Williams and his team believe that, once refined, their technology could turn the world of hearing devices on its ear.

Although cochlear implants are considered the most successful medical prosthesis in the world, they are far from perfect.

Doctors insert the devices into the ear structure near the auditory nerve. The surgical procedure has inherent risks and can cause additional damage to the sensory cells in the inner ear that transmit sound to the auditory nerve.

Cochlear implants aren’t for everyone. They tend to work better on younger patients such as infants with some hearing loss. Candidates must have most of their auditory system intact for the implants to work.

And even 30 years after the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved their use, the devices are still expensive. In the U.S., patients pay at least $100,000 for the pre-screening, implants, surgery and follow-up therapy.

“Cochlear implants are very effective and have transformed many lives, but not everyone is a candidate,” Williams said. “We think our device will be just as effective but will work for many more people and cost less.”

Read more stories about research at CSU[4].